Although δικαιοσύνη can also mean “almsgiving” and thus some have tried to associate this verse with vv 2–4, the formal analysis (see above, Form/Structure/Setting §C) shows that v 1, rather than being a part of the section that follows, is better understood as an introduction to all three sections (vv 2–4; 5–6; 16–18). The deeds may be thought of as the Christian’s self-offering in “spiritual service” and may correspond to the demand of the Shema (Deut 6:4–5) to love God with all your heart (prayer),