In Matthew 6:24 and Luke 16:13, “mammon” is personified as a rival to God for the loyalty of the disciple: To which master will obedience be given? In Luke 16:9, 11 the term designates material wealth or property. Mammon itself does not carry a negative value, as the parallel phrasing in Luke 16:11 makes clear: “If then you have not been faithful in the unrighteous mammon, who will entrust to you the true riches?”